Political
Representation of Minorities and the Safeguard of Vojvodina's
multiethnic identity
Novi Sad, September 26, 2007
Conclusions and recommendations of the second
brainstorming session
Political representation of minorities is among key
issues facing every multiethnic community. Addressing the topic
"Political Representation of Minorities and the Safeguard of Vojvodina's
Multiethnic Identity" the participants in the second brainstorming in
the series (planned under the project "Fostering Vojvodina's Multiethnic
Identity") underlined the importance of the issue for the overall
legitimacy of representative bodies, stability of the society, the
safeguard of the province's multiethnic character and, finally, for
Serbia's movement towards European partnership.
Having agreed that the issue of representation has a
double significance for the members of minority communities - as it is
not only reflected in the composition of representative bodies at
provincial and local level but also within minority communities
themselves, the participants underlied the absence of systematic and
well-thought-out measures for the improvement of minority situation. As
a rule, the problem is referred to only under the pressure of major
poltical events such as elections, they said. Even then, the entire
problematic is simplified and reduced to political party bargaining.
With a view to detecting the optimal model (for resolution of the issue)
the participants put forth the following:
- The principle of positive discrimination should be a
starting point; the measures already taken (such as natural threshold,
less signatures on minority electoral lists, etc.) should be upgraded by
the new ones such as guaranteed mandates;
- The ballots-mandates calculation should follow the
formulas that are more advantageous for minority communities (e.g.,
preference should be given to Niemeyer's formula rather than to
Donte's);
- The so-called big political parties should open
their ranks to minority communities and include their representatives on
their electoral lists (parliamentary seats set aside for minorities);
and
- Budgets for election campaigns should plan special
benefits for minority lists.
Speaking of the representation realized through
national councils, the participants in the session advocated:
- Direct elections for national councils;
- Competence of national councils defined by a law on
national councils;
- Regular subsidies to national councils; and
- Transparency
The participants also emphasized the following:
- Serbia's decision-makers should put an end to the
policy of marginalizing the minority issue and develop a minority
strategy instead;
- The general minority related public discourse should
be changed through continual efforts. Instead of demanding loyalty from
the members of minority communities, decision-makers should pinpoint
that they are citizens who, apart from being equal in rights with
others, necessitate special protective measures (ranging from education
to elections) so as to be able to protect their collective identities.
I.
Serbia should pay much more attention to the issue of
political representation of minorities if it wants to get constituted as
a stable, well-balanced democratic community. This is the bottom line of
the debate the Helsinki Committee organized in Novi Sad in late
September 2007.
According to the participants, the issue of minority
representation mirrors a community's maturity and commitment to
democratic values. Besides, the issue is significant from the angles of
the society's political cohesion and stability, and the safeguard of
Vojvodina's identity. For, appropriate minority representation meets
minorities' interest for being recognized, while Vojvodina's identity is
inasmuch protected as the number of minority representatives in
provincial bodies is bigger. Last but not least, the issue itself is a
major one when it comes to European partnership that presupposes
minority representation in elected bodies.
II.
Bearing in mind the factors influencing minority
representation - those related to the election system as well as those
related to minorities themselves (their political capacity, sizes,
territorial concentration, etc.), the participants underlined the
following:
First, development of an appropriate model of minority
representation should rely on an appropriate political culture. The
present-day political culture is not only undemocratic but also
insensible of minorities as it treats them as "a burden" and "nuisance."
The political elite's commitment to democratic principles is disputable
considering its readiness to change election rules in the election year,
advocate its own (i.e. group or partisan) interests under the pretext of
protecting minorities on the one hand, and unreadiness to meet the
obligations deriving from bilateral agreements (e.g., with the Republic
of Croatia) on minority representation in legislative and executive
branches on the other.
Second, the election system of complex, multiethnic
societies should comply with several criteria: it should mirror the
electoral vote, be as simple as possible, have stabilizing effect on
inter-ethnic relations and enable forming of stable institutions.
Third, taking into consideration huge asymmetries not
only in the majority-minority relations but also between minority
communities, different tools should be applied to different minorities
so as to make it possible for them to be represented in the parliament.
The idea of having the problem solved via a mutual representative would
not be a good one as it raises the question of such representative's
duty to stand for the interests of the minorities with basic values
(such language, culture, religion, etc.) other than his or her. On the
other hand it is disputable whether or not every minority community
should have its own representative in the parliament. Last but not
least, the Article 180 of Serbia's new Constitution adds confusion by
providing that "the autonomous provinces and the units of local
self-government with ethnically mixed population shall be enabled to
have proportional representation of national minorities in assemblies,
as regulated under law." According to some participants, the term
"enable" refers not to electoral results but to equal opportunities.
Speaking of "guaranteed mandates," the participants
agreed that was a possible and legitimate solution, but applicable to
the communities with not that many minority communities such as
Vojvodina. The communities with minorities differing in terms of size,
organizational capability and readiness to partake in elections
necessitate some previous answers - e.g. what would be the criteria for
a minority's right to have its own representative or how would the
institute of guaranteed mandates affect the overall interethnic
relations? In some participants' view, guaranteed mandates could lead to
deterioration of interethnic relations and assaults at minority
communities by the political actors whose intention to make up the
parliamentary majority has been thwarted because of guaranteed mandates.
The proportional system with natural threshold for
minority communities is the most optimal solution, said some
participants. The advantages of such solution are that it a) meets
minorities' justifiable demand for political representation; b) secures
the individual right to vote, as it makes it possible for the people
from minority communities to vote either for their national parties or
other civic parties that might better stand for their interest; c) does
not require voters to declare their ethnic origin and, therefore d)
enables the people from the majority community to vote for minority
parties, and, finally, e) does not imply separate electoral rolls
(necessary for the institute of guaranteed mandates).
Fourth, the participants emphasized that the issue of
minority representation - apart from local, provincial or republican
governance - affects the representation "within" the minority
communities themselves.
The participants were rather critical about the manner
in which national councils were constituted and functioning.
The existing electoral system for national councils
was labeled faulty from the standpoint of democracy. "It more resembles
a feudal curia than a democratic process," as one of the participants
put it. Councils meet infrequently and, as a rule, the absence of
transparency in the functioning of their executive bodies leads to
bureaucratization, which, in turn, abolishes them in terms of
accountability. Besides, in their decision making that affects minority
communities the state bodies do not always meet the obligation to
consult national councils and include them in the process.
While the terms of some national councils had expired
the new ones have not been elected because the Serbian parliament has
not passed yet the relevant act. The fact that those national councils
continue to function produces adverse consequences: firstly, it
discredits the institution of national councils; secondly, it
compromises their commitment to the rule of law, and, thirdly, it
testifies of the absence of principles and universality in Serbian
politics. According to the participants, the state authorities and
minority elites are to blame alike for such situation.
III.
All the invited figures confirmed their participation.
However, on the eve of the brainstorming session the invitee from
Zrenjanin excused himself for professional reasons and said he would
most probably not be in the position to partake in the remaining two
sessions as well. Another participant - from Novi Sad - offered an
excuse on the very day of the brainstorming session.
The organizers had asked Professor Marijana Pajvancic,
expert in electoral law, to act as a keynote speaker. Due to her
previously made arrangements Prof. Pajvancic could not have taken upon
herself to deliver the keynote address but submitted her paper to be
distributed to the participants and eventually included in the book of
proceedings instead.
IV.
The brainstorming session was followed by a press
conference. Sonja Biserko, chairwoman of the Helsinki Committee, Slaven
Bacic, lawyer and publicist from Subotica, and Mirko Djordjevic,
publicist from Simanovci, addressed the press.
The following news agencies and media outlets covered
the event: Beta, Deutche Welle, Dnevnik, Radio Novi Sad, TV Panonija and
TV Delta. Next day the Roma Desk of the TV Novi Sad interviewed the
project coordinator.
The brainstorming session was organized as a part of
the project "Fostering Vojvodina's Multiethnic Identity" that is being
realized with the assistance of the European Union within the EuropeAid
program. |