Court Told
not all Volunteers Affiliated to SRS
Expert witness says that other political parties
were part of "Chetnik" tradition at the time.
By Simon Jennings in The Hague
The trial of an ultranationalist Serbian politician
accused of inciting Serbs to fight Bosniaks and Croats in the early
1990s has heard that not all those who took up arms belonged to his
party.
Vojislav Seselj, president of the Serbian Radical
Party, SRS, is charged by prosecutors in The Hague with encouraging Serb
volunteer soldiers to commit crimes against non-Serbs in Croatia and
Bosnia between 1991 and 1993.
Seselj faces charges that he "espoused and encouraged
the creation of a homogenous 'Greater Serbia'...by violence, and thereby
participated in war propaganda and incitement of hatred towards non-Serb
people".
The accused has proudly identified Serb volunteers who
fought at that time as "Chetnik brothers". Chetniks were World War
Two-era royalist fighters, but in the Balkan conflict of the early
Nineties the term applied to Serbian ultranationalist fighters.
But a military analyst acting as an expert witness
said this week that members of other political parties, many of whom
were sworn enemies of the SRS, also called themselves Chetniks.
"I've come across information indicating that groups
not affiliated with the SRS also used the terms Chetnik and Chetnik
tradition," Reynaud Theunens told the court.
Seselj agreed with the witness's conclusions that not
all so-called Chetniks were under his control.
"When it is said somewhere that certain Chetniks
perpetrated a war crime, for example, that does not mean that those
Chetniks mentioned were automatically members of the Serbian Radical
party," Seselj told the court.
According to the witness, other political bodies
besides the SRS were part of the Chetnik tradition at the time,
including Vuk Draskovic's Serbian Renewal Movement and Milan Paroski's
National Party.
Theunens, who has testified as an expert witness in
other trials at the tribunal, including those of Slobodan Milosevic and
Milan Martic, was tasked by prosecutors with compiling an expert report
on the activities of volunteers recruited by Seselj's SRS.
He focused on the relationship between Seselj and the
volunteer units deployed in Croatia and Bosnia during the early 1990s.
Theunens' report identified volunteer groups recruited
by the SRS as responsible for crimes committed against Croats and
Muslims in Croatia and Bosnia between 1991 and 1993.
When questioned about how hostilities in Croatia
started, Theunens said that SRS volunteers who took up arms in Croatia
in 1991 did so in the name of Serbian nationalism, rather than to
protect themselves against the newly independent Croatian government, as
was claimed by a previous witness.
"Volunteers who joined groups affiliated to the SRS
were driven by Serb nationalism," Theunens told the court.
He said the volunteers felt the need to fight the
Croats and Bosniaks, whom they described with pejorative terms.
"They all talked about the requirement to protect the
Serbs, the threats by the Ustashe and the Turks - themselves derogatory
terms. They didn't talk about the requirement to defend Yugoslavia."
However, Seselj disagreed with the witness's
assessment, insisting that the volunteers in Croatia were fighting to
protect their homeland, particularly in reaction to the new Croatian
president, Franjo Tudjman.
"Isn't it obvious that Serbs were under threat and
that was the reason for the volunteers to come to the rescue?" Seselj
asked the witness.
"They, when they saw that Croatia was independent
.said they did not accept Croatian symbols anymore, independent of
whether Tudjman was already elected as president."
Seselj also sought to undermine Theunens' sources. In
particular, he attacked the contents of a telegram sent by a Yugoslav
army lieutenant from the village of Lovac in which he reported that
rather than fighting, Serb volunteers were committing acts of abuse and
looting against innocent Croats.
"I claim that there were no volunteers of the Serbian
Radical Party there. I know exactly where the volunteers of the Serbian
Radical Party were at the time," Seselj told the court.
Seselj was in a boisterous mood this week, showing
little restraint as he challenged the witness's version of events as
well as the impartiality of his testimony. Not for the first time in
this trial, the court heard Seselj accuse a witness of acting as an
extended arm of the prosecution.
"Mr Theunens, you are interested in the success of the
indictment against me because you participated in its creation. You
participated in preparing the trial, collecting documents, preparing and
proofing witnesses and so on. Isn't that right?" Seselj asked.
Seselj also tested Theunens' historical knowledge, as
well as his methodology in conducting his research, before declaring him
unfit to appear as an expert.
"You keep on insisting that he's an expert. I'm trying
to show you that he's an ignoramus," Seselj told the tribunal.
"I have already disqualified him from being any kind
of expert. he lacks even secondary school knowledge."
Seselj further argued that after the autumn of 1991,
the SRS volunteers came under the command of the army - the Yugoslav
army in Vukovar and the Bosnian Serb force in the region of Sarajevo -
and he was therefore not responsible for their crimes. He also mentioned
specific SRS figures who set up their own local branches of the party
over which he had no control.
"I think that the part of the indictment referring to
Sarajevo must be dismissed. If I am to be held responsible, I can only
be held responsible for those men I sent to the front from somewhere in
Serbia," said Seselj.
But the judge pointed to the charge that Seselj
conspired to create a Greater Serbia as part of a joint criminal
enterprise. The prosecutor, Mathias Marcussen, agreed with the judge's
dismissal of the argument.
"Some of the specific crimes were committed by men, in
our view, under the accused's control. Other crimes might not have been
committed by the accused's men. But it is our case that he is
responsible also for those other crimes because they were part of the
same criminal plan that Mr Seselj adhered to," he said.
Simon Jennings is an IWPR reporter in The Hague. |